Working Mothers an Example by

Working Mothers Working mothers are a widespread social phenomenon that reflects both economic necessity and new-found freedom for women to go beyond their traditional role in society. Just as mothers have responded to this dual challenge and responsibility, so too should the rest of society. One of the toughest choices of a woman's life comes with motherhood. The question is whether to stay at home or pursue a career? Both types of mothers deserve recognition, but the question remains, "What is best for the children?" Many mothers have special reasons and feelings about working outside of home. Need essay sample on "Working Mothers" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Some mothers want the self-fulfillment of having a career; they suppose their children will be more self-sufficient and more mature than children with full-time mothers. They work for their own emotional well-being, and deal with dual duty by balancing work and family. Unlike stay at home moms, working mothers have high self value as they are working in the same way as men, and their lives are not restricted to just children and husband. In present society if you ask a woman what her occupation is, and she is known as a stay-at-home mom, people have the tendency to look down on her. However, if she is a working mom, they might ask, "how does she manage it all?" This problem with many women makes it harder for them to decide between their children and work. One cannot be the best career woman and the best mother at the same time; a woman has to decide one over the other. (Goldman, 47-54) There are some married women who are economically strong and their husbands work, these women must make a decision whether they should work or stay home. Family life would be better if mothers decide to stay at home. Of course, these assumptions did not apply to millions of women who had to work to put food on the table and keep a roof over their heads--women abandoned by their husbands (or who never had husbands), for example, or women who filled a whole variety of jobs ranging from maid to laundry worker to factory worker.(Hirshman, 112-115) It is important throughout this discussion of the pressures of jobs and families to bear in mind that to a large degree this applies to middle- and upper-middle class families in which women once stayed at home and now are most often found holding daytime jobs. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and positive mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, reliance on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-respect because they are causal to the world they live in. These women receive a transformed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is regularly referred to as "bad" because it portrays the woman as someone who does not actually care about the consequences of working will have on the baby. (Goldman, 47-54) In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with thorough care. They are continually feeling what everyone is thinking, and this in turn causes unnecessary stress on these mothers. The other model of the working mom is the one most people think of when talking about working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her --housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to responsibility strain due to tiredness and role excess. The contending demands of such roles may also lead to clashes and mental stress. Both of these models can be seen in the working mother at any given time. They are simply a fact of life, an outcome of the world in which we live. Mothers are continually jumping back and forth in these roles, determined to find a sense of balance. If the scales were balanced, it would seem that they would either be cruel heartless women, simply worried with their jobs, and caring less about their children. (Hirshman, 112-115) This is simply not the case. It seems that the perfect circumstances is when the father helps around the house, as to ease some of the stress the mother feels from working and the aptitude for the mother to h ave a supple schedule. American society was willing to grant part of this wish--a greater percentage of women now attend college than do men--but not both parts. Today, a majority of women hold jobs outside the home, but when they get home, things haven't changed much. Its still Mom who is expected to cook dinner, make sure the children have clothes for school, oversee arrangements for birthday parties, and so forth. As a general rule--one that is difficult to measure with precise statistics--men have been willing to take advantage of having a second income stream without stepping up to relieve their wives of a myriad of household tasks traditionally assigned to full-time mothers. It cannot be over-emphasized that this last statement, like many in this essay, applies to a broad range of "average" families. It's not hard to find instances where the male has become a full-time stay-at-home Dad while the mother works outside the home, or instances in which males share equally in family care. But it's a lot easier to find instances where mothers take on a job while not giving up their role at home. (Jacobs, 92-97) Ironically, women's new-found freedom to pursue careers has introduced a new element in the "economics" of family life--freeing women from the "economic bondage" of marriage. Before women regularly earned salaries, the fact that their husbands were the sole source of income served as a disincentive to divorce--the cost was too great and there was no effective guarantee that the ex-husband would contribute alimony. (Goldman, 47-54) Today, women find it much easier to exit from unhappy or unsatisfying marriages; indeed, the majority of divorces are instigated by women. Many working mothers today are facing the reality of the "second shift". This is where they put in a full day of work at the office only to come home to start their "second shift", the one that entails all the housework and the raising of the family. Mothers feel that they have no choice in the matter, in order to be the "perfect" mother; they need to put in this shift, because it is their responsibility. But why is it their responsibility? Why does the father feel it is his right to come home and relax, when the mother is busy fixing dinner, and disciplining children? In order for the working mother to keep her understanding, the father needs to jump in and help with the household tasks that were formerly held by the homemaker. (Hirshman, 112-115) Many women today want and desire careers and a place in this world. They want to become a self-sufficient individual, free of reliance on another individual. Most importantly, the money earned by working mothers is advantageous to both their children and families, and they can afford sending their infants to day care centers or having a governess for them. Many working parents commit that they both work because they need money, but, they should also concern on an old truth - children need love and attention that money can not buy. On the other hand, stay-at-home moms have different viewpoint towards family relationship. One perception is the relationship among the spouses and the other outlook is the relationship between the parents and the children. Early infancy is a very vital stage in the raising of a child, and the mother's role at that stage is better than that of anyone else. For a great purpose that God has determined, the only nourishment of the baby at this stage is by nursing from its mother. This does not only medically affected the health of the child, but also has psychological effects. For these reasons, doctors always advise mothers to nurse their babies themselves, and if for some account a mother could not, she is advised to keep it close to her and take care of it all the time.(Jacobs,: 92-97) Therefore, one can understand the mistake a mother makes when she leaves her child at this stage to a day care or to a governess who takes care of it. It is also very tender for a mother to leave a crying child, giving out the role of motherhood with a stranger, and neglecting the child's emotional needs. In such a situation, a baby misses a lot of the psychological care it needs. This suggests that a mother can leave matters of cooking, house cleaning, and similar chores to the maid, because a baby will not receive as much tenderness and care from a maid as from its own mother. According to the psychological perspective, infants without a bond are likely to grow up with some serious character disorders as well as become depressed and neurotic. On the other hand, infants who receive enough attention and admiration from parents from the beginning are most likely to succeed socially and emotionally. Not only infants, children also need special care in their teen years as this is an important stage in their life. (Goldman, 47-54) As fathers are usually busy, a mother therefore should spend most of her time with them. A mother can be more aware of the affairs and activities of her children. Thus, in this way the children would be able to get enough affection and mother would be more likely to discover problems that her children suffer from. Their values and morals can be guided and the children can be disciplined more consistently. Conclusion There is no doubt that it is extremely difficult for a woman to work outside and take care of the child at the same time as raising a child is also a full time career with its own ample rewards. Because every person has the limited amount of time and energy so the women with competing demands suffer from overload and inter-role conflict, which make their life stressful and less satisfied. On the other hand, stay at home moms receive gratification and inner satisfaction from knowing they are giving their children a strong moral foundation and are being able to watch them grow. When mom does not work children develop tremendous feeling of fulfillment and thought of being important that makes them feel more secure and more confident. There an issue arises, which is why can't father stay home with children? A woman is born with the nature of making her house and children her first priority whereas men are expected to be protectors and caretakers of the family. Also, children do not feel comfortable when their father stay home instead of mother. The above information on this subject is controversial, but it also demonstrates that majority of married women have a lifestyle choice instead of an economic choice. It all comes down to women's satisfaction, if they are happier working or staying at home with their children. It is an important decision that all mothers must make, but how it influences their children is still debatable. In short, both the quantity and quality of time spent with children are better when mom is at home. There is not any job as challenging as raising a perfect child, which is a full time career. Works Cited Goldman, Paula (Ed). Imagining Ourselves: Global Voices from a New Generation of Women. Novato, CA: New World Library, 2006: 47-54 Hirshman, Linda R. Get to Work: A Manifesto for Women of the World. New York: Viking, 2006: 112-115 Jacobs, Jerry A, and Kathleen Gerson. "The Time Divide: Work, Family and Gender Inequality." Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005: 92-97.

The Corporate University Model

The Corporate University Model Training is an inherent factor in any successful organization. Organizations are operating in highly dynamic environment and to remain competitive in the industry, they need to keep with the trend and changes in the market. Training is the process of acquiring new skills and knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate University Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Training increases employees’ productivity and efficiency to carry out their roles and responsibilities in an organization. Organizations are increasingly leaning on training to help them adapt to changes by increasing their employees’ skills and capabilities. This paper provides an in-depth discussion on the corporate university training model by exploring its purpose and structure in relation to the faculty-training model. Contemporarily, many organizations are using the corporate university model for training and development of employees. The model offers continuous learning for employees focusing on eminent issues facing organizations (Allen, 2002, p.198). The corporate university model is a tool used by organizations to meet its goals and objectives by facilitating employee learning and development. The model trains employees in a classroom setup or over the internet. Training is on general courses such as communication, interpersonal skills, and conflict resolution among other courses depending on departmental training needs. The corporate university model aims at facilitating successful change implementation in an organization (Grenzer, 2006, p. 123). In addition, the model ensures that the organization has a learning culture that is pertinent for successful implementation of change. The model ensures that returns on investment in training are attainable by evaluating the anticipated benefits from the training. The corporate university model has helped many organizations to remain competitive in th e industry by ensuring that, emerging market trends are facilitated through training and development of employees. Finally, the corporate university model reduces the organization staffing cost by eliminating employee turnover. The faculty model on training uses experts in the industry to train employees in a particular field. The faculty training models focus on employees in a certain field to offer specialized training. In return, the employees gain knowledge and in-depth insight into the topic of training by interacting with experts through either question and answer sessions or demonstrations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the model offers training to key stakeholders, such as employee’s management and board of directors of the organization. It is responsible for developing organizations’ culture and identity by creating awareness on values goals and objectives behind a given organization (Jarvis, 2000, p.132). The faculty model emphasizes on particular department to offer specialized knowledge on a particular topic. Over two thousand companies in the United States of America are using the corporate university training model. J.P. Morgan and Co. is a prime example that uses the corporate university model with organized curriculum for all its employees. Other companies using the corporate university model include Caterpillar, McDonald, and Toyota. The faculty-training model has been adopted by the military due to complex training needs that require skills of an expert in each department. Military officers require training and they practice extensively to avoid mistakes when dealing with real situations. Such expertise can only come from an expert in the field. The two models of training are applicable in different industries thus are both successful in meeting their training objectives. JP Morgan deals with se rvice to consumers and thus the corporate university model enhances the employee’s efficiency when serving consumers. Military training requires that officers hone their skills in different fields and the faculty model is appropriate for this kind of training. In conclusion, the corporate university model is a tool used by an organization to meet its goals and objectives and thus its usefulness helps to create a learning culture and helps organizations to remain competitive in increasing dynamic market environments. References Allen, M. (2002).The corporate university handbook: designing, managing, and growing a successful program. USA: American Mgmt Assn publishers. Grenzer, J. W. (2006).Developing and implementing a corporate university. USA: HRD publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate University Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jarvis, P. (2001). Universities and corporate universit ies: the higher learning industry in global society. USA: Routledge.

Open innovation is a phenomenon in search of a theory. (Birkinshaw) Essay

Open innovation is a phenomenon in search of a theory. (Birkinshaw). Critically evaluate this statement, examining current aca - Essay Example Can open innovation be introduced at McDonalds at the fry cook level, or is it only feasible among people with Ph. Ds? Does every individual personality work with open innovation, or are some personality types more effective under closed system? Might open and closed be points on a continuum that should be shifted for different circumstances? Might there be hybrid approaches, such as beginning a project using open innovation and finishing it using closed? How can open innovation be balanced against the needs of management? Does open innovation reduce or increase transparency? Many of these questions have been answered only summarily, some not at all, and some might be in principle beyond the present ability to answer. Yet theory guides research just as research guides theory: Creating a theory of open innovation, however tentative and likely to change, could help to create hypotheses that could be tested, models that could be explored, and predictions that could be proven or disprove n. This paper advances a theory of open innovation that claims that open innovation is in fact a more specific case of a general balance between the costs and benefits of command and control, and that open innovation is from an organizational behavior and institutional theory perspective a shift to bottom-up practices; as such, it depends crucially on loyalty to the institution, involvement in decision-making, corporate culture, management avoiding chilling effects, and other factors. I identify open innovation as a solution to the intellectual property version of the tragedy of the commons problem and as the internal flipside of the open source movement. Open innovation will be defined for the purposes of this paper as â€Å"a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology† (Chesbrough, 2003). Open innovation involves firms creating institut ional practices to reap the benefits of internal innovation, such as with â€Å"innovation time† initiatives, and external innovation. Open innovation is in essence the model of most universities. Within the university system, a researcher's data is owned by the university and/or by the companies or stakeholders that funded or initiated the study, yet they also retain some copyright and control. The information is made publicly accessible, either subsidized to be free or for a nominal fee, so that research can be facilitated. Researchers have tremendous latitude to experiment and investigate down their own lines of inquiry. Open innovation, then, alongside the parallel but distinct concept of open source, is an attempt to replicate the intellectual output of the university and of similar institutions that allow information to be more freely created and disseminated. Albert (2008) points out how antithetical this is to many traditional notions of corporate capitalism: The assu mption made is that companies both reap 100% of the benefit of communal intellectual property yet retain 100% in-house, which are contradictory assumptions. In practice, firms are faced with a difficult dilemma. Both internally and externally, they must control access to their information to remain competitive and prevent competitors from harming them, yet doing so reduces the net amount of innovation. Innovation depends on cross-referencing. Knowledge doesn't occur in a vacuum: If someone looks at a problem and can't be sure what

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability - Essay Example A second reason was the strategy could become a guide to encourage infrastructure investment. A third reason was to encourage nature conservation by. Lastly the process could help encourage new entrants into tourism rather than into sectors which could destroy the long term prospects of tourism. The second section deals with what a sustainable tourism strategy is and how it differs from a conventional tourism plan. Conventional plans more closely resemble traditional marketing plans as it is designed to increase visitor numbers, turnover etc. through community resources. Sustainable tourism plans rely on wider regional analysis whose hallmarks include analysis of current tourism assets and future tourism development and a discussion of how tourism could be used for social benefits and probably most importantly strategies should be long term in their approach. The next section identifies how these strategies are produced. Firstly the strategy makers should have a number of objectives in the tourism, economic, ecological, and social sectors. Secondly, consultation with affected parties should be wide ranging and strategies should be an evolving/long term enterprise. In this regard the focus of this paper was wide ranging. It was a well laid out argument which identifies what the problem is, why strategy formulation should be paramount, how the strategy should be developed and the effect that strategy formulation has had in real world experiences. The only critique would be that in order to reinforce the importance of strategy development, perhaps examples of how not adhering to this sort of strategy should produce negative

What Is Sales Forecasting Marketing Essay

What Is Sales Forecasting Marketing Essay Forecasting is a little more scientific than looking into the crystal ball . The scientific basis of forecasting lies in studying past , present and future trends , present and future actions and their effects . What happened in the past is relevant to what is happening now and what could happen in the future . Forecasting  is defined as the process of making statements about the events whose actual outcomes have not yet been observed . A common example might be  the estimation  of some variable of interest at some specified future date .  Prediction  is similar , but it is more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing   the time series ,  cross sectional  or  longitudinal  data and alternatively to less formal judgemental methods . Usage can differ between areas of application for example in  hydrology , the terms forecast and forecasting are sometimes reserved for the estimation of values at certain specific  future  times , while the term prediction is used for more general estimates , such as the number of times the floods will occur over a long period . WHAT IS SALES FORECASTING ? SALES FORCATING : Sales forecasting is estimating what a companys future sales are likely to be , based on the sales records as well as  the market research . Information used for sales forecasting must be well organized and may include information on the competition and the statistics that affect the businesses customer base . Companies conduct sales forecasting in hopes of identifying the patterns so that the revenue and the   cash flow  can be maximized . Sales forecasting is a difficult area of management . Most managers believe that they are good at forecasting . However , forecasts made usually turn out to be wrong . Marketers argue about whether sales forecasting is a science or an art . The short answer is that it is a bit of both. Sales forecast should be conducted regularly and all the forecasting results need to be measured , so that the future methods can be adjusted if necessary . Before the forecasting process begins marketing , sales or other managers should determine how far ahead the forecast should be done . Short term forecasting is a maximum of three months and is often effective for analyzing budgets and markets . Intermediate sales forecasting is between a period of three months and two years and may be used for schedules ,  inventory and production . Long term forecasting is for a minimum of two years and can be used for long term forecast period and is good for dealing with growth into new markets or new products . Basically sales forecasting is analyzing all the parts of a business from total inventory to the strengths and weaknesses of sales people . Managers must think about changes in customer sales or other changes that could affect the forecasting figures . They must be competitive when they are assessing the competition and how they can surpass the competition to better meet the needs of the target market . IMPORTANCE OF SALES FORCASTING Sales forecasting is the basis of all the business activities . All the business activities may it be a sales related matter , production related matter , finance , advertising etc depend on sales forecasting . Any business firm starts its plan with sales forecasting . Sales forecasting is a self assessment tool for a company . A sales forecast reports , graphs and analyzes the pulse of any business . It is a vital basis for a companys budget . The future direction of the company depends on the sales forecasting .   Sales  are the lifeblood of the business .  Its what helps you pay employees , cover operating expenses , buy more inventory , market new products and attract more investors . Sales forecasting is a crucial part of the  financial planning  of the business . Its a self assessment tool that uses the past and the current sales statistics to intelligently predict the future performance . Sales forecasts are also an important part of starting a new business . Almost all new businesses need loans or start up capital to purchase everything necessary to get off the ground office space , equipment , inventory , employee salaries and  marketing . You cant just walk into a bank with a bright idea and lots of enthusiasm . You need to show them numbers that prove your business is viable . In other words , you need a business plan . The importance of Sales forecasting can be stated as follows : 1 . Overstocking and the under stocking of materials can be maintained by a good inventory control. 2 . With the help of sales forecasting , sales opportunities can be found out on the basis of the forecast . 3 . All the activities in an organization , are controlled on the basis of forecasting . 4 . Advertising and sales promotion expenses are based on sales forecasting . 5 . Sales forecasting is also important in the field of personnel department . The number of sales persons , executives etc can be increased or decreased on the basis of sales forecasting . 6 . Sales forecasting is the basis for financial Planning . 7 . In the field of production , with the help of sales forecasting , producer is able to adjust his production schedules and avoid idle time which leads to efficiency . 8 . Supply and demand of the products can be easily adjusted .   9 . It helps in knowing when and how much to buy . 10 . It helps in the product mix decisions . SALES FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF PAST Many businesses prepare their sales forecast on the basis of their past sales . Past years Sales forecasting is done with the help of Time series analysis . Time series analysis involves the breaking of past sales down into the four components : The trend are the sales growing , flat lining or are in decline ! Seasonal or cyclical factors Sales are affected by the swings in the general economic activity . Seasonal and cyclical factors occur in a regular pattern . Erratic events these include strikes , fashion fads , war scares and other disturbances to the market , which need to be isolated from the past sales data in order to be able to identify the more normal pattern of the sales . Responses the results of the particular measures that have been taken to increase the sales (e.g. a major new advertising campaign) . Using the time series analysis to prepare an effective sales forecast requires the management to : Smooth out the erratic factors . Adjust for the seasonal variation . Identify and estimate the effect of the specific marketing responses . SALES FORECASTING ON THE BASIS OF PRESENT MARKET As a starting point for estimating the market demand , a company needs to know the actual industry sales that is taking place in the market . This involves identifying its competitors and estimating their sales . An industry trade association will often collect and publish the total industry sales , although rarely listing the individual company sales separately . By using this information , each company can easily evaluate its performance against the whole market . This is an important piece of analysis , Say for example that Company A has sales that are rising at the rate of 10% per year . However , it finds out that the overall industry sales are rising by the rate of 15% per year . This must mean that Company A is losing the market share , its relative standing in the industry . Another way to estimate the sales is to buy the reports from a marketing research firm such as AC Neilsen , Mintel etc . These are usually good sources of information for the consumer markets where the retail sales can be tracked in great detail at the point of sale . Such sources are less useful in the industrial markets which usually rely on the distributors. SALES FORECASTING FOR FUTURE MARKET So far we have identified that how a company can determine the current position . How can the future market demand and the company demand be forecast ? Very few products or the services lend themselves to easy forecasting . These tend to involve a product whose absolute level or the trend of sales is fairly constant and where the competition is either non-existent ( e.g. monopolies such as public utilities ) or stable ( pure oligopolies ) . In most of the markets , the total demand and company demand are not stable which makes the good sales forecasting a critical success factor . A common method of preparing the sales forecast has three stages : Prepare the macroeconomic forecast   what will happen to overall economic activity in the relevant economies in which a product is to be sold . Prepare an industry sales forecast   what will happen to overall sales in an industry based on the issues that influence the macroeconomic forecast . Prepare a company sales forecast   based on what management expect to happen to the companys market share . Sales forecasts can be based on the following three types of information : What the customers say  about their intentions to continue buying products in the industry . What the customers are actually doing  in the market . What the customers have done  in the past in the market . There are many market research businesses that undertake surveys of the customer intentions and sell this information to the businesses that need the data for sales forecasting purposes . The value of the customer intention survey increases when there are a relatively small number of customers , the cost of reaching them is small and they have the clear intentions . An alternative way of measuring the customer intentions is to sample the opinions of the sales force or to the consult industry experts .

Darkness Illuminated

Since the conception of humanity, man has been fascinated with that presence which illuminates, yet cannot be touched. Mankind has brought it into his religions, giving it a great deal of importance in his creed. Following in the footsteps of his ancestors, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses light as a tool of God that illuminates the darkness of human iniquity and exposes its permanence. He studies the psychological theme of the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart in his novel The Scarlet Letter. The use of light in order to fortify this psychological theme confirms its significance in the novel. As though he were weaving an elaborate tapestry, Hawthorne meshes lights intense symbolism into his characters natures until a chef d’oeuvre manifests itself upon the loom of the readers intellect. This tapestry serves as a subtle background upon which the characters sinful hearts are bared. As Hawthorne navigates the reader through the passages of his dark tale, one follows Hester as she goes to Governor Bellinghams mansion. Light is reflected by almost every aspect of the extravagant dwelling. Through the narrators words, we see the Governors house as Hester sees it: â€Å"†¦though partly muffled by a curtain, it [the hallway] was more powerfully illuminated by one of those embowed hall windows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hawthorne 101). One can envision the brilliant sunlight streaming though the immense window, slicing through the facade of the Governors feigned sanctity. Is not simplicity one of the fundamental tenets of the Puritan faith Yet Bellingham, the very person that passed judgment on Hester and her sin is laid bare to the readers opened eye. Here, light shows Governor Bellingham to be corrupt due to his improvident lifestyle. In his genius, Hawthorne defines light not only as a presence, but as an animate consciousness. Still acting as a tool of God, light seems to run away from Hester when she tries to touch it. Pearl, in her inexplicable intuitiveness, says to Hester, â€Å"†¦the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom† (Hawthorne 180). Although Pearl makes this comment concerning the scarlet â€Å"A†, one may argue that the sunlight is actually afraid of Hesters sin, and not the scarlet â€Å"A†. In this case, light is used to remind Hester of her sin and to bring it to the front of her mind as punishment for her adultery. Not only does light show Hesters sin to herself, it shows her sin to others as well. Near the end of the story, Mistress Hibbins speaks with Hester, â€Å"I know thee, Hester; for I behold the token. We may all see it in the sunshine; and it glows like a red flame in the dark† (Hawthorne 237). By shining on the palpable reminder of Hesters sin, the sunlight screams to others of the scarlet letters noncorporeal counterpart: her immorality. Though the scarlet â€Å"A† is intrinsically only a superficial indication of Hesters sin, Mistress Hibbins goes beyond this surface detail when she says, â€Å"I know thee†, implying that she perceives the immutable nature of Hesters sin. Light can expose not only exterior indications of human sin, but can also make known the sin itself. Hawthorne leaves the reader with a crystal clear picture of how light is a brutal reminder of mans permanent sin. It cuts, pierces, even shatters the masks which man tries to place over his sin. Man no longer falls on his knees in awe of the dazzling lightning bolt or the godlike rays of sunlight through misty clouds. He no longer regards light as a magical deity to be worshipped. Despite this, Hawthorne again bestows upon light its original glory as a thing of God. Its role remains constant as an exhibitor of iniquity, a spotlight lancing into the sordid darkness of mankinds damned souls.

Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Essay

T. C. Boyle’s â€Å"Carnal Knowledge† narrates about the life of Jim, his character and feelings. The use of irony indicates about the real life events and how Jim encountered them. Use of Irony shows how Jim faced tyranny and revealed about his character. Irony is used at different points in the story. Thesis: The use of Irony in this story depicts how man tries to gain love and other materialistic things in life but how events lead to misfortunes and undesirable results. Normally true relations never develop if they’re based on lies and fake attitude. The narrator describes about the meat in the supermarket and it is the first point when Irony is used. He desperately describes the delicious ways in which meat is consumed and an indication how he loves meat and he’s not a vegan. Jim is totally inclined towards the taste and not worried about how the animals are killed. In another instance irony is used when he meets with Alena and Alf. When Jim in out on dinner with Alena, again he had no meat to eat because of Alena’s involvement in animal protection. Irony usually results from person’s own faults in character. Alf peed on Jim. There is he met Alena. Appearance of Alf was another point of irony for him as the dog peed on him. Then later dog tried to attack on him. Jim is not very caring about animals. But when he meets Alena, he does care but not for animals but only for Alena and to prove to be ‘so good’ that he cares. Though he loved to eat meat but he decline to admit in front of Alena that he eat meat and pretended that he’s a vegetarian. It was his irony that he was deprived of having meat in meal in order to show Alena that he’s the same like her and she might got interested in him seeing all these characters. The narrator is also left in irony when he was in turkey farm. Irony was used at this point when Jim’s feelings were hurt as he was left in the farm. Jim tried to save turkeys. Though he did his best to become a good heroic image in the eyes of Alena, but still she did not pay any attention to him and cleared this point to him that there is â€Å"no’ relation between us and our purpose is only to save animals. While saving turkeys he felt more like hungry then wanting to save them. At farm Jim had to handle all the core tasks while his beloved was away with other cores. Though Jim tried to impress Alena with his lies but did not succeed. It was Alena’s love for animals and that’s for she cared. She never thought about meat and the taste. But Jim’s focus was meat and the taste it gives in different forms. Jim’s irony was that he never got what he wanted to be in Alena’s eyes. Conclusion In the â€Å"Carnal Knowledge† irony is used in terms that despite his all efforts to become so good in the eyes of Alena his endeavors were wasted. His character does not seem to be realistic. He lied to prove himself good. He was not really a good person but he tried to be good just to have more attention from Alena, and finally all his efforts were wasted. Works Cited T. C. Boyle’s â€Å"Carnal Knowledge† In Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature, Seventh Edition, p. 267